A contract manufacturer
("CM") is a firm that manufactures components or products
for another "hiring" firm. Many industries utilize this
process, especially the aerospace, defense, computer, semiconductor,
energy, medical, personal care, and automotive fields. Some types
of contract manufacturing include CNC machining, complex assembly,
aluminum die casting, grinding, broaching, gears, and forging.
In a contract manufacturing business model, the hiring firm -
typically an OEM - approaches the contract manufacturer with a
design or formula. The contract manufacturer will quote the parts
based on processes, labor, tooling, and material costs. Typically
an OEM will request quotes from multiple CMs. After the bidding
process is complete, the hiring firm will select a source, and
then, for the agreed-upon price, the CM acts as the hiring firm's
factory, producing and shipping units of the design on behalf
of the hiring firm.
Many well-known companies use contract manufacturing as an alternative
to operating and maintaining their own factories. Contract manufacturing
can be used for anything from single components to a complete
product. Printers, computers, and cellular phones personal care
products are all examples of products that are made using this
method.
In an international context, establishing a foreign subsidiary
as a contract manufacturer can have favorable tax benefits for
the parent company, allowing them to reduce overall tax liabilities
and increase profits, depending upon the activities of the contract
manufacturer.